Narrative
poetry
A narrative poem is one that
tells a story. It follows a similar structure as that for a short story or
novel. There is a beginning, a middle and an end, as well as the usual literary
devices such as character and plot. A narrative poem can take the form of
rhyming couplets, or it can go more in the direction of prose poetry, in that
the rhyme scheme is flexible. There are many variations on the theme of the
narrative poem.
1.
History
o
The oldest known narrative poem
is The Epic of Gilgamesh, a quasi-historical story about an Uruk (Sumerian)
king who lived c. 2600 BC. The earliest version of the poem itself was written
on clay tablets in the 7th century BC. Around the same time, Homer of Greece
composed the Iliad and Odyssey, still canon among today's classicists. Homer
influenced later narrative poems like Beowulf (anonymous author, 8th-11th
century AD); the Divine Comedy (Dante of Italy, 13 century AD); and the Rime of
the Ancient Mariner (Samuel Taylor Coleridge of England, 1798 AD). The style of
narrative poetry is one of the most ancient forms of literature and yet
continues to be used by poets.
Function
o
A narrative poem tells a story in
an entertaining way:
with rhyme. As narrative poetry has its roots in ancient oral traditions, it is
thought that the rhyme schemes were a mnemonic device that allowed performers
to carry many stories inside them, before the advent of literacy. In the modern
era, many musicians use narrative poetry to tell a story within the framework
of a song, as in the case of many folk, country and hip hop artists.
Types
o
Narrative poetry can be long or
short form. The long forms are often a series of short story-poems meant to be
told singly as an evening's entertainment
(as in the case of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales or the heroic poems of Homer.)
When a narrative poem does not contain a predictable rhyme scheme but does
contain the various parts of poetry (alliteration, symbolism, and so forth),
then it is a free-form narrative poem, or prose poem. The only limit to the
types of narrative poems is the poet's imagination (and what the audience can
appreciate).
Features
o
A narrative poem usually contains
a series of rhyming couplets (ABAB) or cinquains (ABABA) broken into stanzas
(groups of lines), but the variations are endless. It can also contain any of
the usual literary devices: alliteration, assonance, consonance, repetition,
and so on. As the poem is a narration, it usually tells a story that has a
beginning, middle and end, replete with character and plot development, climax
and conclusion. The avant-garde, however, has done away with many of those
rules, stretching the bounds between poem, story, and Dadaist tone poem (read:
meaningful nonsense).
Misconceptions
o
A narrative poem does not
necessarily have to be linear or chronological. For example, the conclusion may
be told at the beginning, and vice-versa. It can contain many divergent story
lines, which may or may not weave their way back towards the main plot. The
avant-garde and postmodern movements of the 20th century helped to redefine the
narrative poem in this way.
Lyric poetry
Lyric poetry is a form of
poetry that expresses personal and emotional feelings. In the ancient world,
lyric poems were meant to be played to the lyre. Lyric poems do not have to
rhyme, and today do not need to be set to music or a beat. Aristotle, in Poetics 1447a, mentions lyric poetry (kitharistike
played to the cithara) along with drama,
epic poetry, dancing, painting and other forms of mimesis. The lyric poem, dating
from the Romantic era, does have some thematic antecedents in ancient Greek and
Roman verse, but the ancient definition was based on metrical criteria, and in
archaic and classical Greek culture presupposed live performance accompanied by
a stringed instrument.
Forms
Although
arguably the most popular form of lyric poetry in the Western tradition is the
14-line sonnet, either in its
Petrarchan or its Shakespearean
form, lyric poetry appears in a variety of forms. Other forms of the lyric
include ballades, villanelles,
odes, pastourelle and canzone.
Ancient Hebrew
poetry relied on repetition, alliteration, and chiasmus for many of its
effects. Ancient Greek and Roman lyric poetry was composed in strophes. Pindar's epinician odes, where
strophe and antistrophe are followed by an epode, represent an expansion of the
same basic principle. The Greeks distinguished, however, between lyric monody
(e.g. Sappho, Anacreon) and choral lyric
(e.g. Pindar, Bacchylides). In all such
poetry the fundamental formal feature is the repetition of a metrical pattern
larger than a verse or distich. In some
cases (although not in antiquity), form and theme are wed in the conception of
a genre, as in the medieval alva or aubade, a dawn song in which
lovers must part after a night of love, often with the watchman's refrain telling
them it is time to go. A common feature of some lyric forms is the refrain of one or more verses
that end each strophe. The refrain is repeated throughout the poem, either
exactly or with variation. In the medieval Galician-Portuguese
cantigas de amigo, thought to reflect an old oral
tradition, 90% of the texts have a refrain.
Meters
Much lyric
poetry depends on regular meter
based either on number of syllables or on stress. The most common meters are as
follows:
- Iambic - two syllables, with the short or unstressed syllable followed by the long or stressed syllable.
- Trochaic - two syllables, with the long or stressed syllable followed by the short or unstressed syllable. In English, this metre is found almost entirely in lyric poetry.[3]
- Pyrrhic - Two unstressed syllables
- Anapestic - three syllables, with the first two short or unstressed and the last long or stressed.
- Dactylic - three syllables, with the first one long or stressed and the other two short or unstressed.
- Spondaic - two syllables, with two successive long or stressed syllables.
Some forms have a combination of meters, often
using a different meter for the refrain.
DIFFERENCES OF NARRATIVE AND LYRIC POETRY
A narrative poem is usually
much longer and relates a story.
Lyric poetry is usually focuses
on sound, idea, feelings and image, as opposed to story or character as in
narrative poems.
Lyric poetry consists of a
poem, like a sonnet or an ode, that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the
poet. Lyric poetry does not tell a story that has characters and actions. The
lyric poet speaks to the reader directly, and shares his or her own feeling,
state of mind, and perceptions. Today, the term "lyric" refers to the
words of a song.
Narrative poetry, on the other
hand, does tell a story through the use of characters and actions. There are
different types of narrative poetry, including ballads, lays and epics. Some
narrative poems are book length, like "The Iliad."
References
2.
^
David C. Rubin, Memory in Oral
Traditions. The Cognitive Psychology of Epic, Ballads, and Counting-out Rhymes.
(Taco University Press, 1991)
3.
Speechwriting
Agencywww.bespokespeeches.com
PREFACE
We
pray toward Presence Praise Allah who
has provided health
care to us so we can arrange this paper
to fulfill the
task of literature
courses on "type
of poetry".
Our goal to make this paper to fulfill the task of literature. The contents of this paper is about
Our goal to make this paper to fulfill the task of literature. The contents of this paper is about
Type
of poetry.
We thank
to our lecturer ,Mr. Dede Haris, S.S. which has been guiding and
directing us so we
can complete the task of this paper. We extend our thanks also to colleagues who have
participated in the preparation of this paper.
We are aware that this paper still has many shortcomings. So we are looking forward to constructive criticism and suggestions from colleagues, so we can fix the paper work to come.
We are aware that this paper still has many shortcomings. So we are looking forward to constructive criticism and suggestions from colleagues, so we can fix the paper work to come.
CONTENT
Preface
Content
Chapter I
Narrative Poetry
a.
History
b.
Function
c.
Type
d.
Features
e.
Misconceptions
f.
Example
Chapter II Lyric
Poetry
a.
Form
b.
Meters
c.
example
Differences of narrative and lyric poetry
References
TYPE OF POETRY
ARRANGED
BY :
AZIS
MUSLIM
KOMARUDIN
YOGI
BUDIARTO
THE
FACULTY OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND TEACHER’S TRAINING
KARAWANG
SINGAPERBANGSA UNIVERSITY
2011
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